Precision land leveling for sustainable rice production: case studies in Cambodia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, and India

Abstract Laser-controlled land leveling (LLL) can help improve rice production's spatial and temporal management, leading to optimized water crop management. This research resulted in sustainable performance indicators illustrate that LLL is a technology for production. The assessment was conducted Cambodia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, India. Benefits of include saving use, water, agronomic inputs, increasing yield, decreasing postharvest losses resulting energy 3.0–6.9 GJ ha −1 emissions by 1151–1486 kg CO 2 -eq . Additionally, application obtain net profit USD 52–84 per production season countries studied. result demonstrated as well strongly supports study would lead better adoption this through its evidence-based promotion.